NAD+

A central cellular coenzyme for energy metabolism and a key input to longevity and repair signaling.

01Overview

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is not a peptide but a coenzyme present in every cell, essential to the redox reactions that generate cellular energy. It is included here because it anchors much of the metabolic and longevity research that peptides intersect with.

Cellular NAD+ declines with age, and restoring it is a major theme in mitochondrial and aging science.

02Mechanism

• Serves as an electron carrier in the reactions that produce ATP.
• Acts as a required substrate for sirtuins, enzymes tied to DNA repair and metabolic regulation.
• Fuels PARP enzymes involved in the DNA-damage response.

03Research uses

• Cellular-energy and mitochondrial research
• Longevity and sirtuin-pathway studies
• Metabolic-stress and recovery models

04Key findings

• NAD+ precursors (NMN, NR) are widely studied as means of raising intracellular NAD+.
• Supporting NAD+ is described as synergistic with mitochondrial peptides such as MOTS-c and SS-31.
• Methyl-donor balance (e.g., TMG) is a recurring consideration when boosting NAD+ turnover.

05Handling & reconstitution

• Available as lyophilized powder or ready solution depending on source.
• Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water where applicable; swirl gently.
• Keep cold and protected from light; NAD+ is chemically labile.